Why is it called ‘Gregorian’?
It is called Gregorian because Pope St Gregory the Great arranged for the compilation of a series of ancient psalms and hymns at the beginning of the 7th century.
What is the difference between ‘monophony’ and‘polyphony’? Which type is Gregorian chant?
If there is more than one melodic line, it is polyphonic. Gregorian chant is monophonic.
Who performed it? At what time of day and with what instruments?
It is a prayer sung by monks.
In addition to mass chants there were the divine office chants, which were sung at set moments in the day. The so-called canonical hours were: matins, lauds, prime, terce, sext, none, vespers and compline.
It was sung a cappella, that is, unaccompanied by any musical instrument.
... and the proposal in mine, I was thinking in the monks in Santo Domingo de Silos when I asked for a famous one in Castilla and León:
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